中文摘要:权力与权力制约机制二者如影随形、相伴而生。权力要得到有效运行，离不开监督与制约权力的有效机制。当代中国法律监督权是一种在既有权力格局中通过自身独立性的体制和机制设置，确保现实权力得到合法、公正、有效运作以实现最大化的公共利益和保障最广泛的公民权利，进而推动我国宪政和法治建设的发展进程。
权力是宪政和法治语境下的重要范畴。检察机关法律监督是制约和监督权力以保障我国宪法和法律实施的有效机制。法律监督及法律监督权是支撑这一机制得以切实发挥功能的核心术语。因而，对当代中国法律监督权进行研究，前提是通过掌握法律监督权的概念和特征及梳理法律监督权及其相关制度，探讨中西方权力监督与制衡思想渊源和借鉴古今中外监督与制约权力方面的主要制度，进而全面把握中国检察权制度的产生与确立、曲折发展和恢复及最新发展，在此基础之上，深入探讨研究法律监督权理论方面存在的三种相互争论的学说和法律监督权制度中存在的实践困境，最终得出当代中国检察机关所享有的检察权是人民代表大会制度下的独立的法律监督权。进而提出，当代中国法律监督权制度的核心是进一步强化检察机关所享有的检察权，即采取改革与完善包括检察制度在内的整个司法制度以强化检察机关享有的法律监督权和全面落实法律监督职责。
当代中国检察机关所享有的检察权，是一种独立的法律监督权，其在具体运作中表现为以一种具备同等地位的权力去监督和制约其它权力的正确、合法、公正运作轨道，实现全面的监督公权力和保障公民权利的最终宪政和法治目的。理论上对法律监督及法律监督权的探讨有益于进一步完善法律监督权制度。检察机关履行法律监督权能够推进维护法律统一实施目标的实现，是构建现代法治国家的重要保障力量。
法律监督是中国检察学理论研究与法治实践中的专门术语。在我国宪政语境和法治状况下，法律监督特指专门的国家机关根据宪法和法律的授权，运用法律规定的手段和程序，对法律实施中的守护法律、制衡国家权力、保障公民权利等具体情况进行监察、督促并能产生法定效力的专门工作。研究当代中国法律监督权，能够更进一步把握法律监督权制度的功能和宪政法治意义。本文主要包括五个部分：
第一部分，以法律监督的概念为逻辑起点，通过解读法律监督在中国宪政法治语境下的内涵和外延，较全面地界定法律监督这一概念。深入剖析法律监督具有专门性、程序性和法律性等三大特征及其各自具有的独特内涵。进而推导出中国特色的法律监督权制度应当是以公诉监督权能为核心，以职务犯罪侦查权能和诉讼监督权能鼎力支撑，主要目的是通过追诉犯罪和纠正法律适用中的违法行为来保障法律在全国范围内统一、正确实施。
第二部分，认识到法律监督具有深刻的思想渊源，其中西方的权力分立与制衡思想、苏联社会主义国家监督思想和中国特色的法律监督思想均为构建我国法律监督权制度提供了有益的思想支持。探讨法律监督权的制度渊源，认为中国古代的御史监察制度、法国的检察制度和苏联的检察制度等各自的形成、发展及变革历程，具体职权及制度功能，自身特点及利弊，均在一定程度上为当代中国法律监督权制度的形成提供了相应的制度渊源。解读当代中国法律监督权制度的产生与演变、初步确立、曲折发展、恢复和回归等历史发展进程，认识到法律监督权制度是当代中国宪政与法治建设中的必然选择，必须坚定不移地予以发展完善。
第三部分，解读有关当代中国法律监督权的理论论争，即行政权性质说、司法权性质说和行政司法双重权性质说等学说的核心观点和理由，并作出相应的理论评析。认识到有关当代中国法律监督权的理论论争是在对中国宪政制度实践缺乏深入了解的基础上所引发的各学者之间不同观点的拼盘，是缺乏基本共识的前提下的各说各话，三者均未能理清我国法律监督权的根本属性。进而认为当代中国法律监督权是人大制度下的独立监督权，即我国检察权应定位为独立的法律监督权，具有相当的制度优越合理性。
第四部分，解读当代中国法律监督权制度的实践困境，包括自身的体制困境和实际运行困境。前者主要指法律监督权的宪法地位难以落实和外在机制困境及检察机关与党的纪委之间的关系使检察工作流于形式等，而后者主要指立案监督、职务犯罪侦查及侦查监督、诉讼监督、裁判结论监督和执行监督等实际运行困境。
第五部分，指出强化检察机关法律监督职责，则有必要重构当代中国法律监督权制度。主要采取提升当代中国法律监督权的权力层级、优化当代中国法律监督权制度的实践机制和制定统一的法律监督法等制度化方式完成重构。
关键词：法律监督权 制度渊源 理论论争 实践困境 制度重构
Abstract:Power and power restriction mechanism are the two together and going on handin hand. If we want the power to get effective operation, supervision and restrictionpower is the effective mechanism. The contemporary Chinese legal supervision poweris found among the power pattern through the system and mechanism setting up itsown independence, ensuring that the real power is operating lawfully, fairly andeffectivly to achieve the maximization of public interest and to protect the most widelycivil right, then to promote our country’s development process of the construction ofconstitutionalism and the rule of law.
Power is an important category under the context of constitutionalism and the ruleof law. Procuratorial organs’ legal supervision is the effective mechanism of the powerrestriction and supervision that can ensure the constitution and the law into theimplementation. Legal supervision and legal supervision power is the core of thissystem to support it can function earnestly terminology. Therefore, to research on thecontemporary Chinese legal supervision law, whose premise is through grasping theconcept and features of legal supervision and legal supervision power with its relatedsystem, discussing Chinese and western power supervision and checks and balancesthought origin and drawing lessons from Chinese and foreign ancient and modern mainsystem of supervising and restricting power, then, fully grasping the establishment andthe formation, tortuous development and recovery and the latest development ofChinese procuratorial system. On that basis, we should deeply research the theory ofthree competing theories on legal supervision and practical difficulties that existing inthe legal supervision system. Finally it is concluded that the prosecution of thecontemporary Chinese procuratorial organs is the independent legal supervision powerunder the people's congress system. And then, the core of the contemporary Chineselegal supervision system is to intensify the prosecutorial power that procuratorialorgans possess. Namely to reform and perfect the judicial system, including theprocuratorial system, is just to strengthen the legal supervision of procuratorial organspossessing and to fully implement the legal supervision duties.
The prosecutorial power that contemporary Chinese procuratorial organs possessis a kind of independent legal supervision power, which performances to have aposition of power to supervise and restraint other power to ensure right, legal and fairoperation orbit in the concrete operation, and adopts the final purpose ofconstitutionalism and the rule of law of comprehensively supervising public power andguarantee for the civil right. The theory of legal supervision and legal supervisionpower is beneficial to further improve the system of legal supervision. Procuratorialorgans performing legal supervision power can advance to safeguard the goals of theunity and the implementation of the law. It is very important to the construction of amodern rule of law country.
Legal supervision is the technical terms of the China's procuratorial theoryresearch and in the rule of law practice. In the constitutionalism and the rule of lawcontext condition of our country, legal supervision refers to specialized state organsaccording to the authorization of the constitution and laws, using the means andprocedures as provided by law, about the law enforcement with protecting the legal,checking and balancing the national power and protecting the rights of citizens andother details, do the specialized work that monitor, supervise and produce the legaleffect. Research on contemporary Chinese legal supervision power, which can furthergrasp the function, the significance of constitutional government, and the rule of law oflegal supervision system. This article mainly includes five parts:
The first part, with the concept of legal supervision as the logical starting point,through the interpretation the connotation and denotation of legal supervision in thecontext of China's constitutionalism and the rule of law, to define the concept of legalsupervision. To deeply analyze the legal supervision, we see that it has three majorcharacteristics of specialized, procedural, legal, and that all respective uniqueconnotation. And then to deduce the Chinese characteristics legal supervision powersystem should be with the core of public prosecution supervision, and the full supportof duty crime detection power and lawsuit supervision power, and its main purpose isthrough the sue criminals and correct illegal actions in law enforcement to protect legalnationwide unified and correct implementation.
The second part, To recognize the legal supervision with profound ideologicalorigin, among them, the western thought of separation of powers and checks andbalances, the Soviet socialist country supervision thought and the legal supervisionthought with Chinese characteristics, those all provide beneficial ideas support to buildour legal supervision system. Research on the origin of legal supervision power system,considering that the suggestion and supervision system in ancient China, theprocuratorial system of France and the Soviet union's procuratorial system,etc, theirformation, development and change course, the specific powers and the systemfunction, the characteristics and advantages and disadvantages,those all are for the thecorresponding system roots to form the contemporary Chinese legal supervisionsystem in a certain extent. A reading of contemporary Chinese legal supervisionsystem of its production and evolution, the preliminary establishment formation,tortuous development, recovery and return etc to the historical development process,thinking that the legal supervision system is a necessary choice of constitutionalismand the rule of law construction in contemporary China, should be unswervinglydeveloping.
The third part, a reading on the theoretical arguments about the contemporaryChinese legal supervision power, namely about the nature of administrative powerm,the nature of the judicial power, and the administrative judicial dual power said withthe core of the theory viewpoint and the reason, and to make the correspondingtheoretical analyses. We realize that the theoretical arguments about the contemporaryChinese legal supervision power is caused by the lack of thorough understanding onthe basis of the platter about the practice of Chinese constitutional government systemfrom different points of view between scholars, is the lack of a basic consensus on thepremise of each said, those three fail to clarify the fundamental attributes of legalsupervision power in our country. And we think that the contemporary Chinese legalsupervision power is the independent supervision power of the National People'sCongress system. The legal supervision of procuratorial authority should be asindependent supervision power in our country. There is quite system superiorrationality.
The fourth part, A reading on the practical difficulties of contemporary China'slegal supervision power system, Including its own system difficulties and actualoperation difficulties. The former mainly refers to the constitutional position which isdifficult to implement and external mechanisms difficulties and the relationshipbetween procuratorial organ and the party's discipline inspection commission makingprocuratorial work to be a mere formality, etc. The latter refers to a case supervision,duty crime investigation and supervision, litigation supervision, the conclusionpractical operation supervision and execution supervision, etc.
The fifth part, to point out that strengthens procuratorial organs legal supervisionresponsibility, it is necessary to reconstruct the contemporary Chinese legalsupervision power system. We mainly adopts promoting the contemporary Chineselegal supervision’s power level, optimizing the practice mechanism of contemporaryChinese legal supervision power system and formulating unified legal surveillance, etcinstitutionalized way to complete the reconstruction.
Keywords:Legal Supervision Power, System Origin, Theoretical Arguments, PracticalDifficulties, Institutional Reconstruction
返回本篇博士论文目录查看全文 下一章：绪论
