清朝末年，列强入侵，加剧了社会动荡。清政府在内忧外患的情况之下被迫实行刑法改革，修订、推行新刑律，试图消解《大清律例》的重刑弊端，实现社会安定，但是没有达到预期的效果。
小说《檀香刑》是莫言的代表作之一，以清末德国人强修胶济铁路，袁世凯镇压义和团抗德运动，八国联军攻陷北京这一系列风云变幻的历史事件为背景线索，通过一桩桩骇人听闻的案例历史地再现了清末的重刑。莫言的小说《檀香刑》将民间故事与历史融合在一起，重新进行构建和文学书写，表现了当代作家对清末重刑制度的思考，体现出文学对历史的审视和当代“关照”。
通过对小说的深入分析可以看出，“重刑”所代表的“权力至上”以及重刑之“戏”所映射的传统文化心理作为维系整个封建社会的纽带贯穿始终。一方面，清朝统治者对皇权的维护致使变法改革只能流于形式，统治者仍需要依靠重刑来宣誓自己的统治权威，震慑民众，维护皇权制度；另一方面，处于社会底层的百姓将“戏”作为他们贫乏生活的调剂和“自殇”，对重刑表现出了嗜血的偏爱和狂热，亦成为重刑制度得以为继的黑色土壤。
“治乱世用重典”这种单向思维的治国观念犹如刚猛之烈药，只可解一时之痛，最终的结果只能导致刑罚在预防和控制犯罪方面归于无效。国民对“示众”的偏爱，对重刑制度心理上的依赖是文明的、法治的社会中所必须克服的文化心理。在当代法治社会建设中，有效地控制重刑对于国家民族的命运和百姓的生存密切关联。法律的制定和执行应该理性、客观，强调以人为本，注重法律的人文关怀，维护公民应当享有的基本权利和人格尊严。
关键词：《檀香刑》 重刑制度 刑法变革
ABSTRACTAt the end of Qing Dynasty, the foreign powers invaded into China,which intensified social unrest. Faced to the domestic trouble and foreigninvasion, the Qing government was forced to implement criminal lawreform. “New Criminal Code of Qing Empire” tried to dispel the defects ofStatutes and Precedents of the Qing Empire and achieve social stability, butit did not achieve the desired effect.
Mo Yan’s novel “Sandalwood Penalty” is one of his magnum opuswhich tells us many appalling historic cases under the background of theseries of historical events like Germen building Jiaoji railway, Yuan Shikaisuppressing the Boxer Movement and the Eight-Power Allied Forceinvading in Beijing. Mo Yan’s masterpiece “Sandalwood Punishment”
combines folk story and history, then builds a new structure and conductsliterary writing, which represents contemporary writers’ reflection on theheavy penalty system, and reflects literature review of the history and careof contemporary.
Through in-depth analysis of the novel can be seen: “supremeauthority” reflected by “heavy penalty”, and the traditional culturalpsychology reflected by the “drama” of heavy penalty, as links whichmaintain the entire feudal society throughout the novel. On the one hand,owing to Qing government’s maintained of imperial power, the reform became a mere formality, while the ruler still needs to rely on heavypenalty to swear their rule authority to deter the people. On the other hand,the common people at the bottom of society deemed the drama as spice oflife, and showed on preference and bloodthirsty fanaticism to heavy penalty,and all these had become evil soil on which the heavy penalty system ableto survive.
However, “use heavy penalty to governance chaos” is a one-waythinking concept of governing a state. Like a dose of strong medicine, thisconcept do have effective but only in a short time and finally lead topunishment ineffective in the prevention and control of crime. In today’slegal society, Chinese people’s psychological dependence on heavy penaltysystem is cultural psychology problem that we must overcome. In theconstruction of modern legal society, effectively controlling heavy penaltyis closely related to the fate of the country and nation and the survival ofthe people. The formulation and execution of law should be rational,objective, emphasis on people-centered, pay attention to the humanisticcare, and maintains the citizen’s fundamental rights and dignity they shouldenjoy.
KEY WORDS: “Sandalwood Punishment”, criminal law reform,heavy penalty
目 录
绪 论
第一节 选题的缘起
第二节 论题研究现状综述
一、对莫言小说《檀香刑》文本的研究
二、对清末重刑制度的研究
第三节 论文研究的意义及创新点
一、对法律与文学研究领域的意义
二、社会实践意义
三、创新之处
第一章 莫言小说《檀香刑》的法律背景
第一节 重刑制度及其思想发展脉络
第二节 清末刑法变革及其本质
一、清末刑法变革之始末
二、从《大清律例》到《大清现行刑律》再到《大清新刑律》：死刑制度在上述三个阶段中的体现与变化
三、清末刑法变革之本质
第三节 《檀香刑》行刑事件的现实背景
第二章 《檀香刑》对重刑制度的文学表现
第一节 重刑制度下的刑罚与法律
一、酷刑的暴力之“美”
二、酷刑之下的国家法律
第二节 重刑之“戏”下人性的扭曲
一、定刑者
二、行刑者
三、受刑者
四、观刑者
第三节 重刑之“戏”背后传统文化心理的窥探
第三章 《檀香刑》对重刑制度的重构与批判
第一节 历史裁决中的刑罚与执行
一、戊戌六君子行刑
二、孙文领导的高密人民抗德斗争
第二节 《檀香刑》对历史的重构与批判
一、也说戊戌六君子之死
二、从刘光第之死看变法之悲剧
三、再述民族英雄：孙文与孙丙
四、猫腔之戏对重刑之“戏”的消解
第四章 《檀香刑》对当代法治社会建设的反思
结 论
参考文献
